What if You Always Maxed Out Your 401k?

What’s the surest way to become a millionaire? I can tell you right now – max out your 401k contribution every year. It will take a while, but I guarantee you will get there. This is the easiest way to build wealth. The problem is you have to start investing young and most of us didn’t know that when we were 22. We all spent too much money and didn’t invest enough in our 20s. Even I didn’t want to contribute to my 401k when I started working in 1996. To that young guy, retirement was 40+ years away. Why should I put so much money aside? I wanted to go out, have fun, replace my junky old car, and buy nice clothes. Fortunately, my dad convinced me to start saving in my 401k and saved me from a huge mistake. The compounding effect of investing early is amazing. It’s too bad so many young people don’t understand this concept and put off investing until later.

*Updated 2024* – I usually update this post every January. If you’ve seen this before, scroll down to the charts to see how wealthy you’d be when you max out your 401k annually. (I updated this post late this year because I didn’t max out my 401k last year. What happened?! Find out below.)

Woefully inadequate retirement savings

Putting off retirement savings is a big mistake. It can be tough if you don’t start saving right away. Can you believe that 45% of all US households have no retirement savings at all? It’s true. Even households that saved for retirement haven’t saved enough. According to the latest (2022) Survey of Consumer Finance, the median value of retirement accounts for families near retirement age is $185,000. That’s only the people with retirement accounts. People with no retirement accounts have much less savings.

Anyway, even $185,000 won’t be enough to support a frugal retirement. If you keep track of your annual expenses, you’d know. For us, $185,000 would cover about 3 years of modest living. That’s not long enough. Many people spend 30+ years in retirement. What will they do once the savings are gone? They will have to depend on other sources of income such as Social Security Benefits and part-time work. Unfortunately, this can be a drastic downgrading of their lifestyle.

Luckily, I’m not average and you aren’t either. If you’re reading this, you’re way ahead of the average household.

I have been maxing out my 401k for many years and my retirement savings are in great shape. Let me show you how wealthy you’d be if you maxed out your 401k contribution every year since you started working. Hold on tight because you will be amazed by the power of compounding*.

*Compounding is just another word for compound interest.

Maxed out 401k every year

The graph below shows how much your 401k would be worth if you maxed out your contribution annually.

Note: In our scenario, I have our worker contribute the max contribution divided by 12 every month. To make it simple, we’ll invest in VFINX, the Vanguard S&P 500 index fund. (This doesn’t include any employer contributions. You should be ahead of this chart if your employer helped out.)

Here is how to read this graph.

• The horizontal axis is how many years you have been working.
• The green line is how much your 401k would be worth if you maxed out every year.
• The blue line is how much you contributed.

For example: If you started working in January 2014, then that’s 10 years you could have invested in your tax-advantaged account. If you contributed the max every year, then you should have about $353,000 in your 401k account by now. 2023 was a fantastic year for the stock market. Every investor should have done very well. This is the reason to keep investing. Compound interest is huge.

My 401k

I’ve been working since mid-1996 so let’s round down to 26 years. If I maxed out every year and invested in VFINX, then I should have about … $1,633,000 in my 401k at the end of 2023. Unfortunately, my account doesn’t have that much. I made some mistakes when I was young, like most people. I didn’t max out my 401k contribution when I first started working. It took me a few years to increase my contribution to the maximum allowed. Also, I chased performance in my early 20s. That meant my investments underperformed in those crucial early years.

*In 2023, I only contributed $10,000 to my solo 401k. I didn’t make enough income to contribute the max. You can read more here – Should I Stop Contributing to My 401k?.

2023 was a great year for me. My 401k increased by 23%. At the end of 2023, my 401k was worth a little over a million dollars. Yes! I’m a 401k millionaire. However, I still underperformed the chart. It would take 19 instead of 27 years if I maxed out my contribution and invested in VFINX.

My dad told me to invest in my 401k, but he didn’t know about index funds. I had to learn from my mistakes. I’m still thankful that he convinced me to invest in my 401k.

How is your 401k doing?

The full table is below. It’s easy to use. You need to look at the first column and find the number of years you’ve worked. The Accumulated Value column shows how much your 401k would be worth if you maxed out your contribution right from the beginning. The 4^th column shows the max contributions for the corresponding years.

You can see the magic of compounding on this table. If you contributed $7,313 in 1988, it would turn into $219,244 today! That’s an incredible 2,998% gain AND it will keep increasing every year. Time is your best ally when it comes to investing.

Maxing out your 401k will make you wealthy by the time you retire. If you did and started working before 2005, you would be a millionaire now. I love my 401k. Unfortunately, most workers aren’t contributing enough. That’s why the median value of retirement accounts is so low.

Lessons learned

1. Max out your contributions ASAP. It took me a few years before I maxed out my 401k contributions. Those early years are crucial and you need to max out ASAP. The longer you wait, the more you’ll lose out with compounding.
2. Don’t chase performance. I didn’t know how to invest when I was young. I just picked the funds with the best performance from the previous year. This is called chasing performance. This strategy is terrible and will underperform in the long run. Funds that did very well the previous year usually underperform the next. It is better to invest in a low-fee index fund like VFINX and keep adding more every month.
3. Don’t pause investing. I stopped investing for a while after the Dot Com bubble burst. This worked out okay in the short term because the market went down. However, it was the wrong move in the long term. If I kept investing, my retirement fund would be worth much more today. You need to keep contributing even during a downturn. I learned that lesson and kept investing during the Great Recession. It paid off handsomely.
4. Don’t borrow from your 401k. I haven’t done this because I never had to. It’s the wrong move because your retirement fund will be depleted and you’ll miss out on compounding. Your retirement accounts should be earmarked for retirement.

Those are the main lessons I learned from 27 years of investing in my retirement account. I hope these lessons will prevent some young investors from making similar mistakes.

Max out your 401k

Of course, every 401k plan is different. Your retirement plan might not have any good investment or the fees might take a huge bite out of your total return. Here is an easy way to see how much fee you are paying – sign up with Empower and use their 401k fee analyzer tool. This free tool will help you figure out how much you’re paying. I just checked my 401k and I’ll pay almost $5,000 in fees by the time I’m 55. That sounds like a lot, but it is actually very low. All my investments are in low-cost index funds. Anyway, if you’re paying too much in fees, you probably should move your investment over to funds with lower fees.

For most people, maxing out your 401k contribution every year is the easiest way to become a millionaire. You will pay less tax and you won’t leave any employer matching on the table. As a bonus, the contribution is auto deducted so you won’t even miss the money. Start investing while you’re young and the magic of compound interest will supercharge your 401k and ensure a comfortable retirement. Don’t wait until you’re 55 to start investing because it will be nearly impossible to catch up.

How are your 401k accounts compared to my table? Are you ahead or behind?

If you need help keeping track of your finances, sign up with Personal Capital to manage your portfolio. They have many great tools for investors including the 401k Fee Analyzer and the best retirement calculators on the internet. I log in almost every day to check on my accounts.

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Joe started Retire by 40 in 2010 to figure out how to retire early. After 16 years of investing and saving, he achieved financial independence and retired at 38.

Passive income is the key to early retirement. This year, Joe is investing in commercial real estate with CrowdStreet. They have many projects across the USA so check them out!

Joe also highly recommends Personal Capital for DIY investors. They have many useful tools that will help you reach financial independence.

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